A China trade stop does not remove U.S. disinfection chemical. The CISA chlorine seminar states that the U.S. produces 99 percent of the chlorine it consumes and that Canada is the primary importer. EPA states that only 5-6 percent of chlorine products produced in the U.S. are used for drinking water or wastewater disinfection.
cisa.govepa.gov
What the stop does remove is a calculated slice of centrifugal pumps nes and the China end of the fluorosilicic-acid trade basket. World Bank WITS prints 2024 U.S. imports of centrifugal pumps nes at $2,024,149.01 thousand. China was $368,911.37 thousand. Calculated from those two printed values, China was 18.2 percent of that import value.
wits.worldbank.org
Mexico keeps shipping. WITS prints Mexico at $504,457.79 thousand. Calculated from that value and the printed world total of $2,024,149.01 thousand, Mexico was 24.9 percent of 2024 U.S. centrifugal-pump nes import value. Canada, at $183,398.29 thousand, was 9.1 percent on the same calculation.
wits.worldbank.org
No partner on the fetched pump page is named Taiwan. WITS prints Other Asia, nes at $86,272.83 thousand. Calculated from that value and the printed world total of $2,024,149.01 thousand, Other Asia, nes was 4.3 percent of 2024 U.S. centrifugal-pump nes import value. Other Asia, nes is not Taiwan. GTAIC labels that partner as Taiwan, and this report does not adopt the label. Continuing suppliers already printed are Mexico was 24.9 percent and Canada at 9.1 percent.
wits.worldbank.orggtaic.ai
The short-horizon price analog is one month, not a year-over-year peak. BLS series WPU061303, alkalies and chlorine including natural sodium carbonate and sulfate, not seasonally adjusted, base date 198200, printed 376.785 in December 2021 and 424.856 in January 2022. Calculated from those two prints, the index rose 12.8 percent in that month.
data.bls.gov
The short-horizon physical analog is days of chemical lead time. EPA's chlorine-availability page says lead times for suppliers lengthened by as much as 50 percent, with an example of a base of 14 days that reached 21 days, and that orders were sometimes only partly filled.
epa.gov
Enterprise cash that a utility can underwrite is American Water's 2024 regulated book, not a national average. Regulated operating revenues were $4,296 million. Chemicals were $107 million. Total production costs were $458 million. The company serves 3.5 million active customers and over 14 million people.
sec.gov
Week-1 cyber risk is treatment and network control. CISA's National Critical Function page says supply water and manage wastewater are National Critical Functions, that facilities are integrating IT and OT, and that OT systems help control valves and pumps. AA24-038A records a confirmed Water and Wastewater Systems compromise whose PuTTY profiles included water treatment plants and water wells.
cisa.govcisa.gov
Chlorine keeps being made in the United States. The CISA seminar states that the U.S. produces 99 percent of the chlorine it consumes, 93 percent of the sodium hypochlorite it consumes, and 74 percent of the sodium chloride it consumes. Canada is the primary importer of chlorine and of sodium hypochlorite. Chile and Canada are the primary importers of sodium chloride. Calcium hypochlorite exports are 16x U.S. imports.
cisa.gov
Water is a small slice of chlorine demand, which is why a China stop is not a disinfection shutdown and a domestic outage still is. On the same seminar, chlorine demand is 77 percent organic chemicals and water treatment is 5 percent. Sodium hypochlorite demand for cleaning and disinfection, including water treatment, is 59 percent. Calcium hypochlorite demand is 37 percent swimming pools and 25 percent water treatment. EPA's separate print is that only 5-6 percent of chlorine products produced in the U.S. are used for drinking water or wastewater disinfection. Those two water shares are different denominators and are not averaged here.
cisa.govepa.gov
The domestic chlorine constraint that is already observed is capacity and logistics, not a China import share. EPA says U.S. chlorine production capacity fell by an approximate 10 percent, 1.2 million tons, in 2021 from closures of one OxyChem plant and three Olin plants. Suppliers cut allocation to keep critical customers, primarily water and wastewater systems, operating. Customers without a contract are often the first to lose supply.
epa.gov
Fluorosilicic acid is the treatment chemical with a named China trade role. EPA's 2022 supply-chain profile says 2019 domestic FSA production from phosphate rock was approximately 29 million kilograms, and estimated consumption was 58 million kilograms, built as production of 29 million kilograms plus imports of 39 million kilograms minus exports of 10 million kilograms. Primary import partner and primary export partner were China. Imports and exports are inorganic acids, not elsewhere specified, HTS 2811.19.60 and 2811.19.61, while production is FSA-specific. A China percent of FSA itself is not printed.
epa.gov
Domestic FSA manufacture continues at the phosphate plants. The profile locates production in Florida, North Carolina, Louisiana, and Wyoming, names J.R. Simplot, Mosaic, and PCS Phosphate, and counts 5 domestic locations in the 2017 snapshot inside a 2010-2019 range of four to six facilities. That domestic leg does not depend on a China shipment. The import leg of the wider acid basket does.
epa.gov
Centrifugal pumps nes are the equipment line a China stop cuts. WITS product 841370, described on the page as centrifugal pumps nes, is not a water-utility pump series. The 2024 U.S. import book was $2,024,149.01 thousand and 42,434,900 items. China was $368,911.37 thousand and 10,948,800 items. Calculated from the printed dollar pair, China was 18.2 percent of import value. Calculated from the printed item pair, China was 25.8 percent of the item count. The value share is not the unit share.
wits.worldbank.org
Mexico, Canada, Sweden, Germany, and Japan remain in the pump book. WITS prints Mexico at $504,457.79 thousand and 11,301,700 items, Canada at $183,398.29 thousand and 92,265 items, Sweden at $173,255.60 thousand, Germany at $99,284.20 thousand, and Japan at $82,224.00 thousand. Calculated Mexico value share is the 24.9 percent figure. Calculated Canada value share is 9.1 percent. Those origins are the substitution bench. They are not a stock of water-utility pumps sitting at a utility warehouse.
wits.worldbank.org
A week-1 cyber wave can stop treatment even while domestic chlorine is still being made. AA24-038A, from CISA, NSA, and FBI with EPA and the Australian Signals Directorate's ACSC among the releasing partners, assesses that PRC state-sponsored actors seek to pre-position on IT networks for disruptive or destructive attacks on U.S. critical infrastructure in a major crisis or conflict. The U.S. agencies assess with high confidence that the actors pre-position on IT to enable lateral movement to OT. Confirmed compromises include the Water and Wastewater Systems sector.
cisa.gov
The confirmed water-sector path is specific. In one Water and Wastewater Systems Sector entity, after initial access the actors connected by VPN with administrator credentials they obtained and opened an RDP session with the same credentials. Industry reporting cited in the advisory says PuTTY profiles included water treatment plants, water wells, an electrical substation, OT systems, and network security devices. Some victims are smaller organizations with limited cybersecurity capabilities.
cisa.gov